Copyright © 2000/08, C.J.Summers
This is a guide to some of the British Standards that are available,
Relevant to Highways Maintenance and Construction
British
Standards are increasingly being replaced by European Standards, prefixed
"BS EN".However there are still a number of British Standards still being referenced.
Also new British Standards are being published, quite often to give guidance on how to use a new European standard that is so complicated you need another standard or Published Document (PD) to explain it.
A few British Standards are receiving updates to keep up with what is happening in the industry, but many "BS EN" standards are now current, with others imminent to replace current popular standards.
An example of a recent important update is BS 594 and BS 4987 being superseded by the BS EN 13108 family of specifications and a new British Standard BS 594987, from 1st.January 2008.
Many of the standards listed below have been replaced by BS EN's reference to which you will find in the database list of BS EN Standards, but I leave then in this list as a useful reference.
It is your responsibility to make sure you are working to the appropriate standard, which need not be the most recent edition, but that which was/is quoted in your contract document, this list is just a guide that you may find useful, it is not claimed to be definitive, or up to date.
Things are now progressing quite quickly regarding the introduction of BS EN's and are difficult to keep up with.
Please use the "find" function in your internet browser to search for a particular subject or British Standard.
Where information in my list may be lacking may I suggest you visit the British Standards website for full information and most recent additions / amendments on any particular standard, and for the most up to date list of standards.
There are standards now being released with the prefix BS ISO, BS EN ISO and just plain ISO which is all rather confusing.
I am not too sure where to record these standards at present, and how they are to be treated, so I am entering the
BS ISO standards at the bottom of this list, and the BS EN ISO and ISO standards at the bottom of the British European Standard list.
New - New reference/s to one or several updated British Standard/s were included in this list on the 15/08/2007 !
THIS LIST IS NOT TRULY NUMERICAL, BUT IS NUMERICAL ONLY ON THE FIRST DIGIT OF THE STANDARD NUMBER,
AND THEN NUMERICAL ON THE SECOND DIGIT, ETC..
The standard consists of nine parts each dealing with a particular aspect of soil testing for "civil engineering purposes".
All the more appropriate parts are listed in the guide, use the "Query" and "Find" functions to access the various parts of the standard.
Part 1:General requirements and sample preparation,
As stated in its title this standard covers the general requirements necessary for testing soil, and also much of the basic soil related terminology is defined.
It may be a bit "dry" but it is very informative.
Part 2 : Classification tests,
Includes :-
LIQUID LIMIT : PLASTIC LIMIT : MOISTURE CONTENT : SHRINKAGE : DENSITY : PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION :
Details on how to perform these tests, necessary equipment and forms for recording and plotting results are all included in this standard.
Part 3 : Chemical and electro-chemical tests,
Includes :- ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT : SULPHATE CONTENT : CARBONATE CONTENT : CHLORIDE CONTENT : DETERMINATION OF PH VALUE :
Part 4:Compaction related tests.
Includes :- MOISTURE CONTENT VALUE, the CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO, and the various methods of determining the dry density, moisture content relationship of SOIL / FILL.
Part 5 : Compressibility, permeability and durability tests.
Includes :- Tests to determine the CONSOLIDATION of soils and to determine the susceptibility of soils to heave in freezing conditions.
Part 9 : In-situ tests,
Includes :- On site tests for SOIL DENSITY, (SAND REPLACEMENT), SOIL DENSITY, (CORE CUTTER) IN-SITU CBR TESTING, IN-SITU VANE SHEAR STRENGTH TESTING DYNAMIC CONE PENETROMETER NUCLEAR DENSITY METER PLATE BEARING TEST
BS EN 197-1
This specification deals with the various classes of SALT SPREADER for SALT SPREADING/GRITTING the methods in which to test them for correct distribution of salt, and it sets down the acceptable levels of result to permit the issue of a certificate for a SALT SPREADER.
This document specifies the criteria a BINDER SPRAYER must comply with, and sets down test procedures to ensure this compliance.
These test procedures include the DEPOT TRAY TEST, and the CARPET TILE TEST.
A DEPOT TRAY TEST will determine the uniformity of transverse distribution of the spray bar and just as importantly the rate of delivery per minute of the BINDER SPRAYER.
The rate of delivery of the BINDER SPRAYER must be known to determine the forward speed of the BINDER SPRAYER.
The CARPET TILE TEST is an on site test to determine the actual amount of binder being sprayed on the road, across its complete width.
Carpet tiles are not now used but have been replaced by large bitumen absorbent paper squares.
The BINDER TRAY TEST is the more commonly used form of the CARPET TILE TEST the principle being the same, but you use small trays instead of absorbent paper squares.
BS 1881:Testing concrete, is the British Standard covering the testing of concrete.
It comes in many many parts, such as the more commonly referenced :-
Part 101:Method of sampling fresh concrete on site
Part 102:Method of determination of slump
Part 106:Methods for determination of air content of fresh concrete,
Part 111:Method of normal curing of test specimens
Part 116:Methods for determination of compressive strength of concrete cubes.
Part 108:Method of making test cubes from fresh concrete.
(CONCRETE SLUMP - CONCRETE WORKABILITY)
This part of the standard describes methods for determination of air content of compacted fresh concrete with normal weight concrete having a maximum nominal aggregate size of 40mm.
This part of the standard specifies how 150mm. and 100mm. cubes shall be made.
This standard gives methods for testing cement in a reference concrete, I.e. differing cements are mixed in the same proportions with the same constituents in the same way.
The resulting concrete is judged by its constituency (slump) and compressive strength (100mm. Cubes).
Part 2:Methods of test for cement stabilized and lime stabilized materials
This standard covers the testing of materials in their stabilized condition
Part 1:General requirements, sampling, sample preparation and tests on materials before stabilization.
This standard references but does not detail the tests it is necessary to carry out on materials BEFORE the stabilization process takes place.
This standard and its various parts have identical equivalents with the Institute of Petroleum, (IP).
BS 2000 has many parts, the ones applicable to highway maintenance are listed in this guide.
BS 2000 : Part 27 : Distillation of cutback asphaltic (bituminous) products
This is the part of the standard that sets out a procedure for measuring the more volatile constituents of a CUTBACK BITUMEN.
This British Standard is identical with IP 27/74(88)
Part 45 : Determination of loss on heating of bitumen and flux oil
( Identical with IP 45/58(92) )
Part 49 - Penetration of bitumen and bituminous materials
This is the standard that covers the testing of penetration grade bitumens using the needle method, this British Standard is identical with IP 49/86(89)
BS 2000 : Part 58 : Softening point of bitumen, (ring and ball)
This standard sets out the procedure to determine the softening point of bitumen by the "ring and ball" method.
This British Standard is identical with IP 58/86(89)
BS 2000 : Part 72 - Viscosity of cutback bitumen
This standard sets out the procedure for determining the VISCOSITY of CUTBACK BITUMEN using the STANDARD TAR VISCOMETER.
This British Standard is identical with IP 72/86(92).
BS 2000 : Part 80 - Frass breaking point of bitumen
BS EN 1429 : 2000 : Methods of test for petroleum and its products -
This standard specifies methods utilising sieving for the determination of the quantity of coarse particles of binder present in bitumen emulsions, and for the determination of storage stability.
(This standard supersedes BS 3195-3 : 1987, which is withdrawn)
This standard describes methods of sampling bituminous binders, to determine the average quality of the material under examination and/or to determine deviations from average quality.
Determination of density or relative density - Capillary-stoppered pyknometer and graduated bicapillary pyknometer methods (Identical with IP 189/190-2005)
BS EN ISO 3838 : 2004 / BS 2000 - 189/190 : 2004 : Methods of test for petroleum and its products -
This standard specifies methods for the determination of the density or relative density of crude petroleum and of petroleum products handled as liquids.
The capillary-stoppered pyknometer method is also for use with solids and this method may also be used for coal tar products, including road tars, creosote and tar pitches, or mixtures of these with petroleum products.
The graduated bicapillary pyknometer method is recommended for the accurate determination of the density or relative density of all except the more viscous products, and is particularly useful when only small amounts of samples are available.
Special precautions are specified for the determination of the density or relative density of highly volatile liquids.
( Identical with IP 292:2000 )
BS EN 1430 : 2000 : Methods of test for petroleum and its products -
This standard specifies a method for the determination of the particle polarity of bitumen emulsions.
( Identical with IP 457:2000 )
BS EN 1425 : 2000 : Methods of test for petroleum and its products -
This standard specifies a method for the characterization of the perceptible properties of bitumen and bituminous binders at ambient temperature prior to testing for other properties.
BS EN 1431 : 2000 : Methods of test for petroleum and its products -
This standard specifies a method for the quantitative determination of recovered binder and oil distillate in bitumen emulsions composed principally of a semisolid or liquid bituminous base, water and an emulsifying agent.
The method can be used for quantitative determination of recovered binder and oil distillate in bitumen emulsions for specification acceptance, service evaluation, control and research.
The method can also be used to obtain residue and oil distillate for further testing.
( Identical with IP 461:2000)
BS EN 12594 : 2000 : Methods of test for petroleum and its products -
This standard specifies a method for preparing samples of bituminous binders for the testing of their properties
and it comes in three parts, each individual part is included in the database.
Part 1. Specification for joint sealants
Part 2.Code of practice for the application and use of joint sealants.
Part 3. Methods of test
The complete standard gives recommendations for the preparation of joint sealant slots, the types of sealant and the application and site testing of hot-applied joint sealants for use in road joints.
Part 1. Specification for joint sealants
This part of the standard specifies the requirements for hot-applied joint sealants for use in concrete roads.
It also applies to hot-applied normal joint sealants in bituminous surfacing and between bituminous surfacing and concrete pavements.
Shelf life, safe heating period, flow resistance, penetration and fuel resistance are all items covered in this part of the specification.
Part 2. Code of practice for the application and use of joint sealants.
The above standard gives recommendations for the preparation of joint sealant slots and for the application of hot-applied joint sealants for use in road joints.
Part 3. Methods of test
This part of the standard describes methods of test for hot-applied joint sealants for use in joints in roads, airfields and other concrete pavements.
This standard was referred to in Clause 924 of the DOT Specification for Highway Works for resin based high skid resistant surface treatments.
Part 3 : Methods 320A to 320F are the tests for strength, elongation and elastic modulus.
Part 3 : Method 321 : Determination of tensile properties, General Principles
All people involved with the buying and using of ROAD SALT should have access to this BRITISH STANDARD.
Just one item of note is that ROAD SALT shall have a maximum moisture content of 4%, any higher and you are buying water at salt prices.
If the grading of the rock salt is not correct, and just as important of a consistant grading, the rate of spread of the salt will alter, even though spreader settings and speed are the same.
The cost of testing is not expensive compared to the cost of the salt and can reveal "interesting" information.
and it is in three parts :-
Part 1:Specification for constituent materials and mixtures
Part 2:Specification for road performance
Part 3:Specification for the application of material to the road surface
(BS 3262 : Hot applied thermoplastic road marking materials - Part 3:1989:Specification for the application of material to the road surface
Interesting to note that this was a standard proposed for confirmation in "Update Standards", issue October 2005
So, have these standards been superseded or not ? I do not know.)
All road markings and studs shall be laid as described in the :-
D.Tp.Traffic Signs Manual, Chapter 5.
The specification for road studs is BS 873:Part 4.
The specification for Pavement marking paints is BS 6044.
Part 1 : Specification for bitumens for road purposes
This specification covers the composition and properties of bitumens used in producing materials for road making including cutback bitumen and bitumen emulsions for SURFACE DRESSING.
This standard sets out the requirements for topsoils, it describes three grades of topsoil and recommends their appropriate use and handling.
Various methods of sampling and testing TOPSOIL are included.
BS 3892 : Part 1 : Specification for pulverised fuel ash for use with Portland cement
BS 3892 : Part 2 : Specification for pulverised fuel ash for use in grouts and for miscellaneous uses in concrete
This British Standard amongst other things covers such topics as:-
Sampling, dimensional tolerance, compressive strength, water absorption and classification parameters, (types of brick) e.g. engineering bricks, class A or B etc..
This standard is brief but very useful in dealing with terminology, characteristics, handling, grass seed mixtures, verge reinstatement, etc..
Methods of sampling turf and assessing ground coverage also included.
The sieves used in soils and materials laboratories for the grading of aggregate, sand, fillers, soils, etc. shall comply with the requirements of this standard.
BS 410 lists the standard sizes for the process of grading.
These sieves will obviously wear with use and so their permitted accuracy and tolerances will also change thus having an influence on any result obtained using the sieves.
Laboratories that have a UKAS (NAMAS) accreditation are required to have procedures for regularly checking the accuracy of test sieves so that they continue to comply with BS 410.
This standard specifies requirements for the composition, physical and mechanical properties of super sulfated cement, for uses in producing concrete which has resistance to chemically aggressive environments, such as sulfate-containing or acidic soils, and a low heat of hydration.
Part 1 : Specification for bitumen road emulsions
This part specifies the properties of various types of emulsion and the various types of test to determine these properties.
BS 434-2 : 2006 : Code of Practice for the use of cationic bitumen road emulsions on roads and other paved areas
This edition provides recommendations and guidance on the general usage of cationic bituminous emulsions on roads and other paved areas.
The emulsions covered conform to BS 434 : Part 1, or BS EN 13808 (modified and none modified), or are proprietary emulsions.
The information within this document provides guidance on where the various processes using bituminous emulsions are suitable for use and indicates where suitable design procedures can be found.
Advice is also given on those situations in which the processes are unsuitable or marginally suitable.
Where there is an option, performance or outcome specifications have been used rather than input or recipe specifications.
The following edition has been superseded and has now been withdrawn
BS 434-2 : 1984 : Bitumen road emulsions (anionic and cationic)
Part 2 : Code of practice for use of bitumen road emulsions
This former edition described the uses of bitumen emulsions, and specified/recommended the way in which they where to be used. e.g. surface dressing, emulsion macadams, slurry sealing, etc..
The biggest user of BITUMEN EMULSION is SURFACE DRESSING, and as such BS 434 is appropriate, and this edition did state that the supplier shall if requested supply a typical sample of the base bitumen or base bitumen/flux mixture used in the emulsion for testing if required.
Part 1 : Cast iron and cast steel
N.B. THIS SPECIFICATION WAS WITHDRAWN WITH EFFECT FROM 30th JUNE 1995,
and is superseded by,
BS EN 124 : 1994:Gully tops and manhole tops for vehicular and pedestrian areas
The specification includes such criteria as loading, design and dimensions.
Part 1:-Specification for constituent materials and for mixtures
Part 2:-Specification for transport, laying and compaction
BS 4987 : Part 1 : 2005 : Coated macadam (asphalt concrete) for roads and other paved areas -
Part 1:Specification for constituent materials and for mixtures
This edition supercedes the 2003 edition and introduces the concept of factory production (FPC) tolerances in anticipation of future European Standards for asphalt.
For grading this will involve selecting a target percentage (%) passing value from within a specified range and applying tolerances to this target.
Compliance to the specification created from this procedure will assess product conformity.
Currently the only sieve that is required to meet the FPC tolerance in BS 4987 is the 2mm. sieve, this is explained in more detail in the standard.
In the 1993 edition the more useful mixes were referred to
as "Preferred mixtures", and their use has been encouraged.
POROUS ASPHALT replaced the name PERVIOUS WEARING COURSE
for 20mm.
Also 2 types of HEAVY DUTY MACADAM are included in the
ROADBASE/BASE groups
It is important to note that
BS 4987 : Part 1 has been superseded by,
BS EN 13108-1 : 2006 : Bituminous mixtures -
Material specifications - Part 1 : Asphalt Concrete
It is likely/possible that BS 4987 : Part
1 will not be until the end of March 2008, however introduction of BS
EN 13108 will begin in January 2008.
BS 594987 :
2007:Asphalts for roads and other paved areas - Specifications for
transport, laying and compaction and type testing protocols
The new standard BS
594987 superseded, BS
4987 : Part 2 from the 1st. of January 2008, it is likely to
actually be withdrawn from the end of March 2008,
However it is likely/possible that there may still be reference to the
superseded specifications in existing contracts that have some
time to run before completion.
Part 2 : Specification for air- entraining admixtures
Part 1 : Specification for accelerating admixtures, retarding admixtures and water-reducing admixtures
Part 1 : Specification for joint sealants
Part 2 : Code of practice for application and use of joint sealants
Part 3 : Methods of Test
This standard covers the all aspects of DENSE TAR SURFACING including composition, manufacture, and transport.
It also includes in the appendices guidance notes on the use and laying of this material.
It MUST be noted this material can be difficult to lay if you are not aware of the way it MUST be handled, it is a job for contractors familiar with this material.
N.B. DENSE TAR SURFACING is a quick setting material, low temperature working should be avoided.
It tends to be used where there is going to be oil droppings, e.g. parking areas, as TAR is far more resistant to softening from oil than BITUMEN.
Part 2 : Methods for specifying concrete mixes ( including amendments)
It includes :- Designed mixes, Prescribed mixes, Standard mixes, and some general information
BS 5328 : Concrete, is an excellent set of volumes providing a great deal of information on concrete and its specification, it is in 4 parts :-
Part 1 : Guide to specifying concrete.
Part 2 : Method for specifying concrete.
Part 3 : Specification for the procedures to be used in producing and transportin gconcrete.
Part 4 : Specification for the procedures to be used in sampling, testing and assessing compliance of concrete.
Most CONCRETE is normally specified by stating 28 day strength, and aggregate size, but far more factors should be specified as stated in this specification.
The many parts of BS 1881 deal with the various ways of testing of concrete.
BS 5750 in its many parts is the British Standard for QUALITY SYSTEMS that guides people in the setting up of the various systems of QUALITY ASSURANCE leading to a certification, awarded by an approved assessor, to the appropriate part of BS 5750.
The main parts are parts 1,2,3, and 4 but they are many other supporting parts.
Part 1 : Specification for design/development, production, installation and servicing
(i.e. the most all embracing form of QUALITY ASSURANCE) ,
Now updated to BS EN ISO 9001:1994
Part 2 : Specification for production and installation.
Now updated to:- BS EN ISO 9002:1994
Part 3 : Specification for final inspection and test
(i.e. this is the part of BS 5750 that is most likely to be encountered in highways maintenance).
One of the processes where accreditation to this standard can already be found is SURFACE DRESSING.
Now updated to:- BS EN ISO 9003:1994
Part 4 : Guide to the use of BS 5750 parts 1, 2 and 3.
This is for QUALITY SYSTEMS, and because Parts 1, 2 and 3 are not that easy to understand for a beginner to QUALITY ASSURANCE, "they" wrote PART 4
Part 8 - Guide to quality management and quality systems elements for services.
Part 1 : Compactability test for graded aggregates.
BS 5835 recommends tests for assessing the compactibility of graded aggregates in particular those aggregates used in roadbases and sub-bases.
The test is commonly known as the VIBRATING HAMMER TEST, and will indicate the packing properties of graded aggregates.
This will also suggest optimum field BULK DENSITY and MOISTURE CONTENT, and it supports the various tests included in the numerous parts of BS 812.
Part 6 : Specification for road gullies and gully cover slabs
This part of the standard specifies requirements and describes test methods for precast concrete road gullies manufactured from monolithic concrete or prefabricated sections of concrete. A gully outlet may incorporate a permanent former, with or without a jointing profile, for the connection of a pipeline.
Requirements are also specified for gully cover slabs.
The intended use for gullies is the interception of silt and debris from surface water being discharged into drainage systems.
BS 5911-6 is a revision of BS 5911-230:1994, which is withdrawn on 31st. October 2004 when BS 5911-6 comes into effect.
This standard is the all embracing document to cover all aspects of SITE INVESTIGATION, it will of course refer to other standards and documents to produce the information required by this standard.
GROUND INVESTIGATION and SOIL SURVEY are topics covered within SITE INVESTIGATION, these being the subjects more considered by the engineer.
Under SITE INVESTIGATION wider matters such as legal, economic and environmental problems that could affect the community and the viability of the engineering work will be considered.
Part 1 : Specification for constituent materials and asphalt mixes
(The only significant difference to the previous edition (2003) appears to be a request for producers to record retained amounts on extra sieves such as 4mm. and 1mm. when analysing samples, with Factory Production Control in mind, in the future.)
The 2003 editions of BS 594 were produced as a result of the recent introduction of BS EN 13043 which will introduce some different aggregate size designations, and different test methods for determining aggregate performance.
It also introduces a new group (Group 4) of "performance-specified" mixtures for very demanding sites.
The 2003 edition replaces the revision of 2002 which introduced the following changes,
# bitumen grade references are now in accordance with BS EN 12591
# the terms surface course (wearing course), binder course (basecourse) and base (roadbase) are now used to describe pavement layers
# there is reference to in plant blending of bitumens to create further grades of bitumen
# specification requirements for surface course mixtures relating to deformation resistance
# the design type R surface course mixtures have been deleted
It is important to note that BS 594 : Part 1 has been superseded by,
BS EN 13108-4 : 2006 : Bituminous mixtures - Material specifications - Part 4 : Hot Rolled Asphalt
It is likely/possible that BS 594 : Part 1 will be withdrawn at the end of March 2008, however introduction of BS EN 13108 will begin in January 2008.
Part 2 : Specification for the transport, laying and compaction of rolled asphalt
The 2002 edition is current.
Changes form the previous edition include :-
# bitumen grade reference are now in accordance with BS EN 12591
# the terms surface course (wearing course), binder course (basecourse) and base (roadbase) are now used to describe pavement layers
# now includes specification requirements for testing surface course mixtures relating to deformation resistance
# introduction of bond coats with reference to BBA/HAPAS approval
# tack coats and bond coats are now specified according to the binder percentage of the upper layer and the rate of bitumen actually deposited on the surface rather than the rate of spread of bitumen emulsion
BS 594:PART 2, IS A WORKING DOCUMENT, ALL STAFF WORKING WITH HOT ROLLED ASPHALT SHOULD HAVE A COPY !
BS 594987 : 2007 : Asphalts for roads and other paved areas - Specifications for transport, laying and compaction and type testing protocols
The combined standard BS 594987 will supersede BS 594 : Part 2 from the 1st. of January 2008.
The withdrawal of the existing document is forecast for the end of March 2008.
However it is likely/possible that the superseded document may still be referred to in currently running contracts, until their completion.
This combined document has superseded the Part 2's of BS 594 and BS 4987, from the 1st. of January 2008,
and will be used, where appropriate, with the many parts of BS EN 13108 : 2006 : Bituminous mixtures - Material specifications
It has many, many parts, some of which are listed here.
Part 100 - Sampling bituminous mixtures
Part 102 : Analytical test methods
This part of the standard describes analytical test methods to be carried out under laboratory test conditions on samples of bituminous mixtures.
This standard covers the methods of testing to determine
the BINDER, FILLER and GRADING of BITUMEN coated
materials.
It also includes sections on how to adjust found BINDER
and FILLER results, to a mid-point standard grading, to allow for the inconsistencies of
sampling.
This adjustment applies only to HOT ROLLED ASPHALT, and
and DENSE BITUMEN MACADAM base (roadbase) and binder course (basecourse).
Part 104 : Methods of test for the determination of density and compaction.
This part of BS 598 describes two methods for determining the density and compaction of bituminous mixtures for roads and other paved areas. The first method describes how to determine the percentage refusal density of core samples of 150mm. nominal diameter cut from compacted bituminous mixtures.
This method is intended to apply only to coated macadam dense bases (roadbases) or binder courses that have cooled to ambient temperatures and have a minimum layer thickness conforming to Table 1, of BS 4987-2 : 2003.
Part 105 : Methods of test for the determination of texture depth
Supersedes BS 598 - 105 : 1990
It now includes a method for using laser beams for quick assessment of texture, in a dispute the sand patch method is the approved method of measuring texture depth.
Part 107 : Method of test for the determination of the composition of design surface course asphalt.
There were amendments to the 1990 publication in, January 1995, May 1996 and Nov. 1999
There was an amendment to the 2004 edition in July 2006, i.e. Amendment No.1
Part 108 : Methods for determination of the condition of the binder on coated chippings and for the measurement of the rate of spread of coated chippings.
It includes the HOT SAND TEST for determining the quality of the BINDER coating
Apart from determining the condition of the binder coating and instructing you on how to measure the rate of spread, this standard instructs you on how to find the required rate of spread of a particular chipping to achieve shoulder to shoulder cover.
70% of hand placed shoulder to shoulder rate of spread figure is usually regarded as an acceptable target rate of spread.
12-14Kg./sq.metre is a useful rate to remember).
BUT remember TEXTURE DEPTH is the specified criteria, NOT the actual rate of spread of chippings.
Part 109 : Methods for the assessment of the compaction performance of a roller and recommended procedures for the measurement of the temperature of bituminous mixtures
This British Standard includes information on the correct way to take the temperatures of bituminous materials, and the manner in which it shall be rolled.
Part 110 : Methods of test for the determination of wheel-tracking rate
This standard describes a method for determining the susceptibility of bituminous mixtures to deform plastically at high road temperatures under pressures similar to those experienced on the road.
This is achieved by performing an actual laboratory wheel tracking test under controlled conditions of temperature and load.
The test is performed on 200mm. diameter core samples of the particular material taken from the road.
Part 111 : Method for determination of resistance to permanent deformation of bituminous mixtures subject to unconfined uniaxial loading.
This standard describes a method to determine the resistance to permanent deformation of bituminous mixtures at temperatures and loads similar to those experienced by these materials inroads.
Part 112 : Method for the use of road surface hardness probe
This standard describes a method to determine the penetration of a standard probe into the road surface and the temperature at which this is carried out, usually prior to the application of surface dressing as part of the design process.
This document is a MUST if you are to be in any way involved in EARTHWORKS and this includes the preparation of contracts for maintenance work or major road schemes, and certainly if you are involved in preparing or conducting soil surveys.
This is a specification in many parts relating to rubber in latex form,
e.g.
BS 6057 : Section 3.11 : Determination of viscosity of rubber latices
It is the inclusion of correctly formed, i.e. spherical, GLASS BEADS both in the matrix of the WHITE LINE material and applied to the the still molten surface that gives the line its night time reflectivity, i.e. RETRO-REFLECTIVITY.
This standard gives information of tests that are able to determine strength of concrete already in a structure.
Part 1 : Specification for single-sized aggregate for general purposes
This is the specification which sets down the the sizes of the sieves to be used in testing aggregate, and the appropriate percentage tolerances aggregate shall comply with for an aggregate to be known as a particular size.
E.g. 10mm. nominal size aggregate (percentages passing):-
14mm. ..............100%
10mm. ..............85% to 100%
6.3mm. ..............0% to 35%
5mm. ................0% to 10%
2.36mm. .............0% to 2%
N.B. with a minimum specified size, passing 10 retained 6.3, of 65%
This standard covers the GRADING and FLAKINESS specifications for SURFACE DRESSING CHIPPINGS, it also includes dust content requirements.
BUT dust contents are often over-ruled by tighter specified dust contents in the contract document of the specifying authority.
Part 1 : Method for preparation of test specimens
Part 103 : Methods for physical testing.
Part 2 : Code of practice for design of lightly trafficked pavements
Part 3 : Method for construction of pavements
Part 1 : Specification for pavers
Part 1 : Specification for paving blocks
Part 3 : Code of practice for laying
(there are many parts to this specification)
There are many parts to this specification
e.g.,
BS 7164 : Part 12 : Determination of bound styrene content of raw styrene-butadiene rubber : emulsion polymerised refractive index method.
This standard specifies performance requirements for impact absorbing playground surfacing and describes the relevant methods of test, in addition to and using different criteria from those given in BS EN 1177.
BS 7188 covers the following :-
a) the ability of the surface to resist abrasive wear
b) the slip resistance of the material
c) the ability of the material to resist indentation by point loading and to recover from sustained loading
d) the response of the material to a particular source of ignition
Part 1 : Auditing
This is probably superseded by an ISO 9000 document by now.
Part 1 : Specification
This standard relates to the specification for precast concrete flags, kerbs, channels edgings and quadrants.
It covers such criteria as dimensions, strength, water absorption, etc., and the methods by which these properties shall be tested.
BS 7263:Part 1 has been prepared under the direction of the Road Engineering Standards Policy Committee and supersedes BS 340 and BS 368 which are withdrawn.
Part 2 : Code of practice for laying
The object of this British Standard is to provide guidance on the content, layout, preparation and management of all types of specification.
Part 1 : Guide for the structural design of heavy duty pavements constructed of clay pavers or precast concrete paving blocks
Part 2 : Guide for the structural design of lightly trafficked pavements constructed of clay pavers or precast concrete paving blocks
Part 3 : Code of practice for laying precast concrete paving blocks and clay pavers for flexible pavements
This part of the standard gives recommendations for the laying of conventional and permeable pavements using concrete paving blocks conforming to BS EN 1338 and clay pavers conforming to BS EN 1344.
This document is intended for flexible pavements for roads, industrial areas and other paved surfaces subjected to all categories of static and vehicular loading and pedestrian traffic.
The principles given apply to all shapes and sizes of paving units covered by BS EN 1338 and BS EN 1344.
Part 4 : Code of practice for the construction of pavements with precast concrete flags or natural stone slabs.
Part 7 : Code of Practice for the construction of pavements of natural stone setts and cobbles
This part of BS 7533 gives recommendations for the laying of natural stone setts and cobbles intended for pavements, roads, industrial areas and other paved surfaces subjected to all categories of static and vehicular loading and pedestrian traffic.
Part 10 : Guide for the structural design of trafficked pavements constructed of natural stone sets.
This part of the standard provides guidance on the design of pavements surfaced with natural stone setts manufactured in accordance with BS EN 1342 and laid in accordance with BS 7533-7.
It applies to all pavements including those subjected to commercial vehicular traffic, e.g. delivery vehicles.
Also referred to as ISO 11074-1:1996
Part 1:Terminology and classification -Section 1.2 : Terms and definitions relating to sampling
Also referred to as, ISO 11074-2:1999
Section 5.3 : Determination of particle density
Also referred to as ISO 11508
Part 5 : Physical methods : Section 5.5 : Determination of the water retention characteristic - Laboratory methods
Also referred to as ISO 11274 : 1998
Part 5 : Physical methods : Section 5.6 : Determination of dry bulk density
Also referred to as ISO 11272 : 1998
Part 1 : Guide to management principles
Part 2 : Guide to quality improvement methods.
This specification is to be used in conjunction with,
BS EN 124 : Gully tops for vehicular and pedestrian areas : Design requirements, type testing, marking, quality control
Part 1 : Side-way force coefficient routine investigation machine
This standard describes a method for determining the wet-road skid resistance of a surface using the sideway-force coefficient routine investigation machine (SCRIM).
The method provides a measure of the wet-road skid resistance properties of a bound surface by measurement of the sideway-force coefficient at a controlled speed.
The method has been developed for use on roads but is also applicable to other paved areas such as airport runways.
Part 2 : Test method for measurement of surface skid resistance using the GripTester braked wheel fixed slip device
This standard describes a method for determining the skid resistance of a surface using the GripTester continuous reading braked wheel fixed slip device.
The method is for measurement of skid resistance along a continuous surface on external paved surfaces, or indoors.
Test speeds can vary from 5km/h to 130km/h depending upon application. The measured values can be affected by the test speed.
This standard specifies requirements for products for tactile paving surface indicators of pedestrian paving units, manufactured in concrete, stone or clay and used to convey information for visually impaired people, including the nominal size of paving products, dimensions for raised surfaces, patterns, colour, engineering properties and installation.
Part 1 : Code of practice for stability, site investigations, foundations, and ground floor slabs for housing
Section 2.2 Sitework with in situ and precast concrete
This section of the code of practice makes recommendations and gives guidance on basic workmanship associated with site practice related to in situ and precast concrete.
BS 8004 is a very comprehensive standard on many types of foundation,
but DTP DESIGN MANUAL HD 25/94 also gives quite a readable explanation of road pavement foundations.
Part 1 : Code of practice for design and construction
This part of BS 8110 gives recommendation for the design and construction of structural concrete that arise in special circumstances and are not covered in BS 8110-1.
This part gives guidance on ultimate limit state calculations and the derivations of partial factors for safety, serviceability calculations with emphasis on deflections under loading and cracking.
Further information for greater accuracy in predictions of the different strain components is presented.
The need for movement joints is considered and recommendations are made for the provision and design of such joints.
General guidance and broad principles relevant to the appraisal and testing of structures and components during construction are included.
This part of the standard gives recommendations for mastic asphalt flooring in buildings applied, as an underlay or as a wearing surface, on a concrete base or screed. It makes recommendations for most aspects of material grade, design, site work, inspection, testing and maintenance.
Part 1 : Method of specifying and guidance to specifier
Part 2 : Specification for constituent materials and concrete
There are many separate parts to BS 812, some of which, BUT not all are listed in this database.
For a full list of parts look in the back cover of any recent part of BS 812, they are fully listed there.
To find the parts listed in this list use the "Find" facilities available with a suitable "keyword" on which to base your search.
Part 101 : Guide to sampling and testing aggregates
Part 102 : Methods of sampling
Part 103 : Methods for determination of particle size distribution : Part 103.2 : Sedimentation test
Part 105 : Methods for determination of particle shape
Part 105.1 : Flakiness index : Part 105.2 : Elongation index of coarse aggregate
Part 110 : Methods for determination of aggregate crushing value (acv)
Part 111 : Methods for determination of ten percent fines value (TFV)
Part 112 : Methods for determination of aggregate impact value (AIV)
Part 113 : Methods for determination of aggregate abrasion value
Part 114 : Method for determination of polished stone value (PSV)
Part 118 : Method for the determination of sulphate content
Part 121 : Method for determination of aggregate soundness
This British Standard covers the testing of aggregate soundness using an aggressive solution of magnesium sulphate as a means of hastening the degrading process the environment has on road aggregate.
There is a large correlation between the water absorption characteristics of an aggregate and its SOUNDNESS, i.e. an aggregate that is capable of absorbing a high percentage of water is more likely to be unsound than an aggregate that absorbs little water.
The property of AGGREGATE SOUNDNESS is now included in various clauses of the DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT SPECIFICATION FOR HIGHWAY WORKS, for the first time.
E.g. Cl. 803, (GSB Type 1), and Cl. 901, (Bitumen roadbase & surfacing materials).
Values of soundness are reported as MSSV's
Part 123 : 1999 : Method for determination of alkali-silica reactivity - Concrete prism method
This standard specifies a method of measuring the expansion of concrete produced by alkali-silica reaction.
The method is designed as an accelerated laboratory test for a specific combination of aggregates, and is not meant to be a performance test for concrete.
Part 124 : Method for determination of frost heave
This British Standard covers the testing of road making material to see if it is FROST SUSCEPTIBLE and hence capable of producing FROST HEAVE in a ROAD PAVEMENT.
Includes road studs
This standard covers the grading requirements of coarse, fine (sand), and all-in aggregate.
It also covers the mechanical properties that are required of the aggregate and the information that shall be supplied about the aggregate by the supplier.
Information on the aggregate will include such data as :-
TEN PERCENT FINES VALUE, AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE, FLAKINESS INDEX, GRADING, WATER ABSORPTION, SURFACE TEXTURE, PARTICLE DENSITY
This is the DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT describing the, "Method for the determination of the wheel tracking rate of cores of bituminous wearing courses"
This is a test to determine the actual density of the bituminous mixtures and is not to be confused with the bulk density of a core taken from the road surface to establish actual voids in the surface layer, or the other pavement materials.
This test method describes the determination of the binder content of bituminous mixtures by the ignition of the combustible components in a furnace, the loss in weight (with some need of a correction factor) being the bitumen content.
This European standard is applicable to hydraulic road binders (which are finished products) produced in a factory and supplied ready for use in roadbases, sub-bases, capping layers and for soil stabilisation.
( keywords for searching - skid resistant surfacing, high friction surfacing, skid resistant value, SRV, POLISHED STONE VALUE, psv, scrim, griptester, pavement friction tester, PFT, SCRIM )
This standard defines terms used in the field of soil quality, the terms are classified under the following main headings :
--- general terms and definitions --- description of soil--- sampling --- terms and definitions relating to the assessment of soils --- remediation
Part 1 : Extended surface method
Part 2 : Terminology and basic requirements related to pavement texture profile analysis
Including definitions for terms such as :-
microtexture, macrotexture, megatexture, uneveness, texture depth, mean texture depth,
profile depth, porous surface layer, open texture, closed texture
This standard provides guidance on the principles behind, and main methods for, the evaluation of sites, soils, and soil materials in relation to their role as a source of contamination of groundwater and their function in transporting, degrading and transforming contaminants. It identifies and lists relevant monitoring strategies, methods for sampling, soil processing and analytical methods.
This international standard provides guidance on the range of tests that may be necessary to characterize soil materials intended to be excavated and re-used, with or without preliminary treatment.
Soil materials include excavated soil, dredged materials, fill materials, manufactured soils and soil treated to remove or destroy contaminants.
Bituminous binder spreaders/sprayers -Terminology and commercial specifications
Chippings spreaders - Terminology and commercial specifications
Road milling machinery - Terminology and commercial specifications